Globalisation.
Globalization as internationalization.
The “global” in globalizationis viewed “as simply another adjective to describecross-border relations between countries.” It describes thegrowth in international exchange and interdependence.

Globalization as liberalization.
Removing governmentimposedrestrictions on movements between countries.

Globalization as universalization.
Process of spreading ideas and experiences to people at all corners of the earth so thataspirations and experiences around the world become harmonized.

Globalization as westernization or modernization.
The socialstructures of modernity (capitalism, industrialism, etc.) are spread the world over, destroying cultures and local self-determinationin the process.

Globalization as deterritorialization.
Process of the “reconfigurationof geography, so that social space is no longer whollymapped in terms of territorial places, territorial distances and territorial borders.”

1. Globalization of the economy.
The world economy globalizes as national economies integrate into the international economy through trade; foreign direct investment; short-term capitalflows; international movement of workers and people in general;and flows of technology. This has created new opportunities for many; but not for all. It has also placed pressures on the global environment and on natural resources, straining the capacity of the environment to sustain itself and exposinghuman dependence on our environment. A globalized economy can also produce globalized externalities and enhance global inequities. Local environmental and economic decisions can contribute to global solutions and prosperity, but the environmental costs, as well as the economic ramifications of our actions, can be externalized to places and people who are so faraway as to seem invisible.

2. Globalization of knowledge.
As economies open up, more people become involved in the processes of knowledge integration and the deepening of non-market connections, including flows of information, culture, ideology and technology. New technologies can solve old problems, but they can also create new ones. Technologies of environmental care can move across boundaries quicker, but so can technologies of environmental extraction. Information flows can connect workers and citizens across boundaries and oceans (e.g., the rise of global social movements as well as of outsourcing), but they can also threaten social and economic networks at the local level. Environmentalism as anorm has become truly global, but so has mass consumerism.

3. Globalization of governance. Globalization places great stress on existing patterns of global governance with the shrinking of both time and space; the expanding role of non-state actors;and the increasingly complex inter-state interactions. The global nature of the environment demands global environmental governance, and indeed a worldwide infrastructure of internationalagreements and institutions has emerged and continues to grow. But many of today's global environmental problems have outgrown the governance systems designed to solvethem.11 Many of these institutions, however, struggle as they have to respond to an ever-increasing set of global challengeswhile remaining constrained by institutional design principles inherited from an earlier, more state-centric world.

The relationship between the environment and globalization—although often overlooked—is critical to both domains.12 The environment itself is inherently global, with life-sustaining ecosystems and watersheds frequently crossing national boundaries; air pollution moving across entire continents and oceans; and a singleshared atmosphere providing climate protection and shielding usfrom harsh UV rays.Monitoring and responding to environmentalissues frequently provokes a need for coordinated global or regionalgovernance. Moreover, the environment is intrinsically linked toeconomic development, providing natural resources that fuelgrowth and ecosystem services that underpin both life and livelihoods.Indeed, at least one author suggests that “the economy is awholly-owned subsidiary of the ecology.

not only does globalization impactthe environment, but the environment impacts the pace, directionand quality of globalization.

environmental resources provide the fuel for economic globalization,

TABLE: PG 13-14

The rapid acceleration in global economic activity and our dramatically increased demands for critical,finite natural resources undermine our pursuit of continued economic prosperity.
- the quantum of resources being used has grown exponentiallyin recent years, especially with the spectacular economicexpansion of large developing economies—such as India andChina—and increasing global prosperity.
-Studies demonstrate that we already exceed the productive capacity of nature by 25 to 30 per cent, and that 60 per cent of the ecosystems are currently overused.
-the prospects of higher demand, growing prices and dwindling stocks are already propelling new races for control over key resources - oil, metals, minerals, timber and even recyclable waste.
-For many developing countries endowed with critical resources in high demand, this provides an opportunity to harness the power of globalization and pull themselves out of poverty.
-Past experience suggests that national and global economies have not been particularly good at allowing for the benefits of resources to flow down to the poor
-the challenge today is to find the ways and means to do exactly that.

The linked processes of globalization and environmentaldegradation pose new security threats to analready insecure world. They impact the vulnerabilityof ecosystems and societies, and the least resilientecosystems. The livelihoods of the poorest communitiesare most at risk.
-Even without climatechange, the number of people affected by water scarcity is projectedto increase from 1.7 billion today to 5 billion by 2025.
-A recent report by the Food and Agriculture Organization estimates that developing nations may experience an 11 per cent decrease in lands suitable forrain-fed agriculture by 2080 due to climate change.
-some evidence that disease vectors such as malaria-bearing mosquitoes will spread more widely.
-global warming may bring an increase in severe weather events like cyclones and torrential rains.

From: http://www.iisd.org/pdf/2007/trade_environment_globalization.pdf